Saturday, August 22, 2020
Restraint reduction program for stroke patients Assignment
Limitation decrease program for stroke patients - Assignment Example in Amato, Salter, &Mion, 2006, p.237). In this paper, I will advance a planned Quality Improvement program †a multi-segment Restraint Reduction Program (RRP) for the stroke restoration unit in our medical clinic as a major aspect of my push to upgrade persistent results here. Crisis cardiovascular and stroke assaults have become the third significant reason for hospitalization and demise after malignant growth and coronary illness in America. It has been accounted for that 8, 00, 000 Americans become the survivor of stroke each year which ascertains to a normal of one American experiencing a stroke like clockwork. Truth be told, stroke represents 1, 40, 000 passings consistently and the purpose for other 1, 00, 000 passings every year in this nation. Stroke patients for the most part endure an unexpected loss of cerebrum capacities, for example, loss of cognizance, change in conduct, bewilderment, dazedness, inconvenience in moving hands, arms, and legs, trouble in talking, understanding, or, extreme migraine. Stroke patients in intense consideration settings by and large have a high danger of falling or upset conduct which should be taken care of properly. The stroke treatment methods require each medicinal services supplier to distinguish potential stroke patients and have specific information, functional experience and the necessary apparatuses for rewarding them proficiently. In addition, it has gotten critical for each social insurance place and intense restoration unit dealing with stroke patients to be furnished with the basic administrations, strategies and workforce for giving the best treatment (Katz, n.d). To improve the treatment, I might want to present a QI program †a multi-part Restraint Reduction Program in one of our intense recovery unit, the stroke unit. Physical restrictions have been continually utilized by medical attendants in intense stroke care settings to maintain a strategic distance from falls, to control unsettling and to deal with rash conduct. Albeit physical restrictions have been seen as gainful, their unfavorable impact which may even incorporate demise of the patient involves concern. As indicated by different investigations, restriction decrease programs have been effective in diminishing limitation use alongside keeping up persistent wellbeing of stroke patients in both intense consideration and long haul settings (Amato, Salter, &Mion, 2006, p.235). The premise of this QI program, RRP, will be the usage of a multi-part intercession system which could significantly lessen the utilization of physical limitations and decline fall rates through a protected and fruitful methodology in the stroke restoration units. The essential point of the RRP will be to bring down limitation use by 25% and to support fall rates lesser than 10% over the pattern. The mediations in the RRP were received from effectively utilized restriction programs in various intense consideration settings. With the end g oal of execution, an arranging council will be framed which will incorporate clinical medical attendant pros, unit nurture administrators, nurture persistent consideration organizers, physiotherapists, word related advisors and the staff medical caretakers. To accomplish the set objective, this arrangement will be basically including four fundamental fields †authoritative help, instruction, conference and input (Amato, Salter, &Mion, 2006, p.236-237). Organization Before the execution of the program, it is
How the Characters in Much Ado About Nothing Learn to Love Essay
How the Characters in Much Ado About Nothing Learn to Loveâ â   â â â â â The title of Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing has started insightful discussions about its importance for centuries.â Some state it is a play on the term â€Å"noting†, rotating around the subject of a wide range of trickeries by a wide range of appearances (Rossiter 163).â Others guarantee it has more to do with everybody making a whine about things that end up being bogus, accordingly, nothing (Vaughn 102).â Regardless of these hypotheses, there is something rather significant going on in the play that merits overemphasizing: four characters in the play find out about affection, and in the long run, how to cherish.  â â â â â â â â â â The four characters that gain proficiency with the craft of adoration are Beatrice, Benedick, Claudio and Hero.â From the principal seeing/perusing of the play, Claudio and Hero appear to be the fundamental focus.â However, looking further into the whole play, as well as in the event that you read any grant on Much Ado About Nothing, the genuine captivating plotline includes Beatrice and Benedick. The principle distinction between these two couples includes how they become familiar with the specialty of love.â At the start of the play, Claudio is the first out of the considerable number of darlings to communicate his expressions of love for another person; in any case, he appears to have the most fragile handle on the idea of adoration contrasted with everybody else.â Claudio traces of his developing affections for Hero when he solicits Benedick what he thinks from her (I.i.161).â Benedick, who has a scorn for marriage, isn't useful to Claudio.â However, he manages to draw out of Claudio the explanation behind his request: â€Å"In mine eye, she is the best woman that ever I look’d on†(I.i.188). This first look into Claudio’s heart uncovers generally shallowness.â His first words... ...ial Identity and Masculinity in Much Ado About Nothing†Upstart Crow 16, (1996): 31-47.  Much Ado About Nothing.â Directed by Kenneth Branagh.â Samuel Goldwyn Company and Renaissance Films, 1993.  Much Ado About Nothing.â The Riverside Shakespeare, second ed.â Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1997.â 366-398.  Prouty, Charles A.â The Sources of Much Ado About Nothing. New York: Books for Libraries Press/Yale University Press, 1950.  Ranald, Margaret Loftus.â â€Å" 'As Marriage Binds, and Blood Breaks': English Marriage and Shakespeare†Shakespeare Quarterly 30, (1979): 68-81.  Rossiter, A.P. â€Å"Much Ado About Nothing.† William Shakespeare Comedies and Romances. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986.  Vaughn, Jack A. Shakespeare’s Comedies.â New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Company, 1980  Â
Friday, August 21, 2020
Christian Motif in Dracula
Despite the fact that the novel depicts Anta-Charlatans esteems and convictions, Abram Stoker as ready to utilize various strategies in his novel to show how the Catholic convictions were helpful as a security towards insidious, and to have the option to look at the forces among great and wickedness. All through the novel, the peruser can evidently see a portion of the characters' change from being a piece of the English Church to a Catholic one. One of the most clear models is Jonathan Harder, the English Churchman.When he initially got the rosary and cross from the woman, he had blended sentiments since his congregation considered those to be as worshipful. Nonetheless, the character builds up a â€Å"obvious social and strict tolerance†(Stars, D. Bruno) towards the Catholic Church. As Harder comes back to Transylvania, he's the inverse as he previously left †rather than being distant from everyone else, uncertain and Protestant, he is currently In a gathering, experie nced, and semi Catholic. †(Stars, D. Bruno) There are numerous Instances all through the novel where Abram Stoker makes a purposeful anecdote to the Bible.The otherworldly being Drachma speaks to the idea of Satan since his portrayals are resoundingly evil: hen angered his eyes light like â€Å"the flares of hellfire fire bursted behind them†(Stoker, Abram) and he flashes a â€Å"smile that Judas in damnation may be glad of†(Stoker, Abram) One direct moral story to the Bible's Book of Revelation's four places of the end of the world was when Drachma showed up in a â€Å"calâ ©chew, with four horses†(Stoker, Abram). Additionally the utilization of upper casing of individual pronouns regarding Drachma, which is commonly held to God, implies that Drachma is introduced on a standard with God.This consistent SE of Catholic moral story explains the motivation behind Broker's use of Catholicism as a theme. The battle among great and malevolence likewise help depict the motivation behind Stoker's utilization of Catholicism. All together for Seward, Mina, Harder, Morris, and Helping to crush Drachma they needed to cooperate with both innovation and their own confidence. The character would regularly end up requesting God's assistance and saying the stage â€Å"God's will be finished. †With the expansion in their Catholic confidence, the characters were seeped to put stock in their strict instruments and thrashing Drachma.With confidence and expectation on Catholicism, they had the option to accomplish their objective. The utilization of Catholicism as a theme clearly bolsters the possibility of Drachma being a genius Catholic purposeful publicity. Stoker had the option to satisfy his motivation by spreading his goals and convictions of the Catholic Church. Stoker had the option to portray Protestants and Catholics calmly cooperating, anyway he did exclude the Protestant confidence to the annihilation of Drachma (Stars, D. Bruno).
Monetarization of Environmental Assets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Monetarization of Environmental Assets - Essay Example While this methodology was sensible before, the mechanical transformation and its related impacts, for example, expanded pace of populace development began to cause a significant level of human effect on nature. In the course of recent hundreds of years, it has gotten progressively obvious to most hippies that human effects on the earth are irreversible and this may in the long run limit the capacity of people to keep blossoming with the planet (Khalil, 1999). Over a period traversing the most recent three decades, there has been a worldwide worry over this issue and the quest is right now in progress for the foundation of procedures that will help in the minimization of human effects on the earth while simultaneously improving the personal satisfaction of the billions of individuals that are presently living in miserable neediness over the globe.Cost-advantage examination is commonly a correlation of the different increments in human prosperity (benefits) and the decreases that huma nkind encounters in social government assistance (costs) as applied to a given strategy or action.In this respect, for a given approach or venture to have the option to qualify as being suitable as dependent on money saving advantage grounds, its all out social advantages must be found to surpass its all out social expenses. While money saving advantage examination is normally led for the particular task, the extent of this investigation can without much of a stretch be reached out to more extensive cutoff points, for example, the evaluation of the strategies that have been intended to help in the fighting of environmental change (OECD, 2007).
Tuesday, June 30, 2020
NIPPON and JOHTUN paint - Free Essay Example
DETERMINATION OF LEVEL OF TOXICITY IN DIFFERENT BRAND OF LATEX (WATER) BASED PAINT ABSTRACT All people around the world have been using paint in their household but they have no idea that all this time they have been exposed to toxic substances that can be found in the paint. Paint manufacturer have used heavy metals substances in making paint pigments which gives variety of colour in paint. The paint pigments are made by using many different types of heavy metals substances which are highly concentrated even in one drop of the paint. For example, yellow and red paint pigments are commonly made of cadmium, Cd. Besides, mercury, Hg, is used in making black pigments in black paint while lead, Pb, is the main chemical suctances in making white pigments in paint. Other than that, cobalt, Co, is readily used in making yellow pigments of paint. In this experiment, a research has been done to investigate the level of these heavy metals present in their respective paint of two different brands of paint, NIPPON and JOHTUN paint. At the end of the experiment, a conclusion has been made which shows that both paints contain high percentage of heavy metal ions (toxicity) where both paint have percentage exceeds 100% of heavy metals ions present in a single drop of paint sample. This shows both paints should be avoided at all costs to prevent further exposure to these chemical substances which may harmful to humans health. However, NIPPON paint has higher level of toxicity level than JOHTUN paint which makes NIPPON paint is more dangerous than JOHTUN paint. 1. INTRODUCTION The usage of paint is widely used in decorating houses, mostly applied on walls and fences. This is because paint would give life to houses as it would appear beautifully when the right colour are been applied. However, people often consider that by applying any types of paint would be enough as long as their choice of colour is applied. What they do not know is that there are types of paint that can only be applied to certain object based on what they are made of. Besides, there are also types of paints that would affect humans health as some of them are made by using chemicals that are toxic. The toxicity may presence in small quantities in the paint. However, it is may enough to emit fumes that could cause nausea, headaches, dizziness and fatigue if is breathe in for a long time without good circulation of air. Even if breathing in fumes from small cans of paint spray, it may lead to non-reversible brain damage. 1.1 LATEX PAINT Latex paint or best known as water based paint is one type of paint that is made up of 50% to 90% of water. Although the paint are named latex, however this type of paint most of them does not have natural latex in modern painting. However, nowadays, companies usually refer latex paint as water based paint. This is because, many paints made up today are made with water as the thinner but with resins that are not latex. That is why it is called with term as water-thinned or water-reducible. Besides, if the paint called latex, it is because they contain plastic resin made of acrylics or polyvinyl. In modern days, paint comes with lots of types of colours. It is thanks to pigments that give out colour to the paint. Different pigment give out different types of colour and these pigments also are made up of chemicals. Usually common pigment types include mineral salts are which are used both in latex and oil based paint. For example, white colour usually are made up of basic lead carbonate, Pb2(CO3) while many of the red and yellow paints are made up of cadmium. Although usually the pigment are often the same both in latex and oil-based paint, it is the carriers and binders that differentiate the latex paint to oil-based paint which both will have different characteristics. The carrier is one part of the paint that volatile which will evaporates once the paint is applied on surface. The carrier is also the one which keeps the pigment and the binders together in suspension until the time when the paint is applied to a surface of wall or paper. The binders; however is the body of the paint, which is the permanent part of the paint. The binder is the one which remains when the paint dries. Besides, it also helps the paint to adhere more to a surface. In latex paint, water-soluble binders will include combination of binder (sometimes acrylic, vinyl, PVA and others), filler, pigment and water. That is why the best latex (water based paints) will be made up of 100% acrylic completely or vinyl acrylics and polyvinyl acetates. 1.2 AIM OR SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDIES There are many types of latex paint with different brand available in the market and lots of people bought every single one of them based on the brands and the price. However, the brand of the latex paint does not ensure it contains higher percentage of toxicity than other brand based on the pigments made to make the paint. So, by doing this experiment, we can determined the total percentage of toxic substance present in a can of paint. As a result, people would know which brand are best to buy and use in order to take care of their health as they will be expose and smell the paint for a long time. This is because when people are expose to the paint, the toxicity would get into the body system trough smell. The toxic are dissolves in the paint and will be vaporize together with them. The toxic is then travel trough the thin air and sucked in by our respiratory system. Once the toxic are in the body, slowly they may affect body system. The effect does not shows any sign in a short pe riod of time, but once it kept accumulated in the body system it will do serious damage to our body such as skin irritation, headaches, nausea, diarrheal and if the nervous system got affected, people may fall into a coma. 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION The substance causes paints to be toxic are because of the pigment of paint that give colour is made up of large composition of heavy metals substances. Therefore, research question is made which is Does level of toxicity is different in different brand of Latex (water) based paint? So, in order to answer the question above, experiments will be done to find out the level of toxicity in different brand of Latex (water) based paint. 2. HYPOTHESIS The determination of level of toxicity in paints is determined by the formation of precipitate at the end of the experiments. So, hypothesis is made which the level of toxicity in paint higher when the mass of precipitate formed increases. This is because the heavy metal ion in paint will react with chemical reagents to formed insoluble precipitate. If the presence of the heavy metal ion is high in one paint, then the more precipitate will be formed at the end of the experiment, thus higher the level of its toxicity. 3. VARIABLES 3.1 Independent Variable 3.1.1 Paints Samples Two different brands of latex paint are used to be tested as samples for this experiment. The brands are Nippon paints and Johtun paints. Both samples will be compared to each other in which whether one brands contain higher toxic substance than the other in order to make the pigment of the paints. 3.1.2 Paints Colour Five different colours from each brand are selected to be tested in this experiment. The five colours are red, yellow, white, green and black. The purpose of using different colour for each brand is because the pigments which giving the colour of the paints are made up of different toxic substances. They are:- * Red pigments in red paints are commonly contains cadmium and lead * Many of the yellow pigments in yellow paints are made up of cadmium and cobalt. * The black pigments on the other hand are commonly made up of vermillion which contain mercury * Almost all green pigments in green paints are made up of cobalt * Most of the white pigments in the white paints are made up of lead carbonate. The toxic substances present in the five different colour of paint could then be determine by using confirmatory test for each of them and compared with the same colour of the other brand. 3.2 Dependent variable 3.2.1 The changes in colour There were four different experiments to indicate the presence of four different substances that considered as toxic. Every each of the experiment would result to changes in colour at the end of the experiment, if the toxic substances are present. So, the changes in colour of the mixture of chemical substances at the end of every experiment would be the dependent variable. The changes in colour were observed by using a piece of white A4 paper as the background so that the changes in colour would be clearly indicated. 3.2.2 The mass of precipitate formed At the end of every experiment, if the toxic substances are present, not only there would be changes in colour, precipitate would also be formed. The toxic substances ions would react with the reagent used to form precipitate which is insoluble in water. The precipitate would be filtered and its mass would be measured by using an electronic balance. If the mass of the precipitate is high, then it shows that the level of the required toxic substances used to make the pigment of the paint is high too. 3.3 Constant variables 3.3.1 The volume of paint used in the experiment The intensity of the colour of the paint used in the experiment was very high. So, in order to observe colour changes and precipitate formed, the paint must be diluted with water. This is to ensure that the paint must be clear enough so that any visible changes would be easily indicated. Therefore, only one drop of paint is used for every trial. 3.3.2 The volume of water used to dilute the paint The volume of water used for dilute the paint for every trial in each of the experiment is fixed to 10 ml. 4. MATERIALS AND APPARATUS 4.1 Materials Materials Quantity Nippons paint and Johtuns paint colour blue, yellow, red, black, and green. 1 drop 6.0 mol of Ammonia,NH3 20 ml 6.0 mol of Hydrochloric acid, HCl 20 ml Thioacetamide 15 ml 12.0 mol of Hydrochloric acid, HCl 15 ml 6.0 mol of Nitric acid, HNO3 15 ml Potassium Chromate, K2CrO4 10 ml 0.5 mol of Potassium Thiocyanate, KCSN 10 ml Acetone 10 ml Table 1 List of materials 4.2 Apparatus Apparatus Quantity Test tubes 40 5 ml measuring cylinder 2 50 ml measuring cylinder 2 Electronic balance 1 Dropper 10 A4 paper 1 50 ml beaker 8 Test tube holder 1 Filter paper 40 Filter funnel 1 Table 2 List of apparatus 5. METHODOLOGY 5.1 Sample Preparation The colour intensity paint samples for this experiment were very concentrated when the paints were bought from the shop. In order for this experiment to work, the paint need to be dilute first to form faint colour so that after the confirmatory test will be done, if there is any changes to the colour, it would be clearly observed. So, only drop of each paint sample with different colour was taken and been put into the test tube. Then, 10 ml of distilled water was measured using a measuring cylinder and been poured into each test tube containing the paint sample prepared earlier. Then, very faint colour were formed for every paint samples and readied for the confirmatory test. 5.2 Confirmatory Test A) CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR CADMIUM ( Cd 2+) [1] 1- Add 1 drops of red paint sample into a test tube. 2- Then, add 6 M NH3 (aq) until the solution become neutral. 3- Make the solution acidic by adding one or more drops of 6 M HCl. 4- After that, add 1 ml of thioacetamide and stir well. 5- Heat the test tube in the boiling water bath for 5 minutes. 6- If cadmium is present, a yellow precipitate of cadmium sulphide should form. 7- Steps 1 to 7 are repeated using yellow, white, green and black colour paint. B) CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR MERCURY (II), (Hg2+) [2] 1- If the results in procedures in A; get black precipitate at the end of the experiment, then, mercury is present. 2- For further confirmation, try to dissolve the precipitate in 1 ml of 12 M HCl with heating. 3- If it does not dissolve in HCl, try the same procedure with 1 ml of 6 M (dilute) HNO3. 4- If it still does not dissolve, then try to dissolve it in a mixture of 1 ml of 6 M HCl and 1 ml of 6 M HNO3, heating for 2 minutes in a water bath. Most of the black precipitate should dissolve because mercury(II) sulphide is the least soluble of the metal sulphides. C) CONFIRMSTORY TEST FOR LEAD (Pb2+) [3] 1- Add 2 drops of dilute hydrochloric acid to 5 drops of the original red paint sample. A white precipitate identifies Ag+ or Pb2+. 3- Then, add 2 to 5 drops of K2CrO4 solution to 5 drops of the original solution. A red precipitate identifies Ag+. A yellow precipitate identifies Pb2+. D) CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR COBALT COMPOUNDS ( Co2+) [4] 1- Add 1 drops of red oil based paint into a test tube. 2- Add 5 drops of 0.5 M KNCS and mix together. 3- Add an equal volume of acetone and mix. A blue colour indicates the formation of [Co(NCS)4]2- 5.3 Measurements on mass of the precipitate formed When there are any changes of color of each experiments, precipitate would formed indicating that the toxic substances are present. Then, the precipitate would be filtered by using a filter funnel. The precipitate is then would be dried first to prevent any presence of water that may affect the measurements of mass of the precipitate. The mass of the precipitate is measured by using an electronic balance. 6. DATA COLLECTION 6.1 Results Below are the results of data obtained at the end of the experiment based on qualitative on two different brand. A) JOHTUN PAINT Confirmatory test Color Changes of color of the solution Presence of precipitate Initial Final Cadmium Red Faint red Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Mercury Red Faint red No change No, red sediment present Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow No change No, yellow sediment present Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Lead Red Orange + red No change No, red sediment present Black Orange + black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Orange yellowish No change No, yellow sediment present Green Greenish orange Clear green Yellow precipitate in very small amount White Orange + white Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Cobalt compound Red Faint red No change No, red sediment present Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow Solution turns slightly blue No, little yellow sediment present Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Below are results of data collected quantitatively Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cadmium Red Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 Black No, black sediment present Yellow Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Mercury Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Lead Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 White Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.04 Cobalt compound Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, but solution turns to slightly blue Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Table 4 Quantitative data for JOHTUN paint B) NIPPON PAINT Confirmatory test Color Changes of color of the solution Presence of precipitate Initial Final Cadmium Red Faint red Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Mercury Red Faint red No change No, red sediment present Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow No change No, yellow sediment present Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Lead Red Orange + red No change No, red sediment present Black Orange + black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Orange yellowish No change No, yellow sediment present Green Greenish orange Clear green Yellow precipitate in very small amount White Orange + white Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Cobalt compound Red Faint red No change No, red sediment present Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow Solution turns slightly blue No, little yellow sediment present Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Table 5 Qualitative data for NIPPON paint Below are results of data collected quantitatively Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cadmium Red Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.03 Black No, black sediment present Yellow Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Mercury Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Lead Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 White Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 Cobalt compound Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, but solution turns to slightly blue Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Table 6 Qualitative data for NIPPON paint 7. Data Analysis 7.1 Data processing Calculation of percentage of precipitate formed at the end of the experiment The percentage of precipitate formed for every experiment is calculated by using the formula below: Mass of precipitate x 100% Mass of paint sample Formula 1 For this experiment, an assumption is made in order to calculate the percentage of precipitate formed as shown below: One drop of paint sample 0.01 cm3 Assumption 1 The assumption above is made because the volume of one drop of paint sample is too small to be measured. Therefore, the smallest reading possible is taken which is 0.01 cm3. However, the calculation is done only the experiments above shows formation of precipitate at the end of the experiments. The sediments are not included in the calculation because it still part of the paint and does not undergo any reaction. Therefore, all the calculation is shown below. A) NIPPON PAINT CADMIUM Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cadmium Red Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 Black No, black sediment present Yellow Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Percentage of cadmium in red paint = 0.02 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 200 % Percentage of cadmium in yellow paint = 0.01 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 100 % MERCURY Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Mercury Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present No calculation as there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. LEAD Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Lead Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 White Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.04 Percentage of lead in green paint = 0.02 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 200 % Percentage of lead in white paint = 0.04 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 400 % COBALT COMPUND Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cobalt compound Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, but solution turns to slightly blue Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present No calculation as there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. Graph 1 Level of toxicity in percentage of NIPPON paint B) JOHTUN PAINT CADMIUM Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cadmium Red Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.03 Black No, black sediment present Yellow Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Percentage of cadmium in red paint = 0.03 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 300 % Percentage of cadmium in yellow paint = 0.01 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 100 % MERCURY Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Mercury Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present No calculation as there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. LEAD Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Lead Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 White Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 Percentage of lead in green paint = 0.01 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 100 % Percentage of lead in white paint = 0.02 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 200 % COBALT COMPUND Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cobalt compound Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, but solution turns to slightly blue Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present No calculation as there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. 7.1.1 Comparison of level of toxicity of NIPPON and JOHTUN paint Confirmatory test Color Level of toxicity NIPPON PAINT JOHTUN PAINT Cadmium Red 200% 300% Black Yellow 100% 100% Green White Mercury Red Black Yellow Green White Lead Red Black Yellow Green 200% 100% White 400% 200% Cobalt compound Red Black Yellow 400% 100% Green White Table 7 Comparison of level of toxicity of NIPPON and JOHTUN paint It is believed that all heavy metals elements present in paint are only one part of a very complex chemical formula present in the latex paint. Many chemicals are added into the paint making latex paint has composition of polymer having interpolymerized units that derive from styrene, methyl styrene, vinyl, or combinations thereof and units derived from one or more acrylates, methacrylates, acrylonitrile apart having the heavy metals elements.[5] Therefore, it is assumed that the entire heavy metals element present in the paint will dissolve in water forming ions and complex compounds. Therefore, generally, reaction that occurs is, AX A (heavy metals ions) + X (unknown complex compound bind to the ions) Equation 1 So, the reactions for heavy metal elements that occur are, Ionization of cadmium CdX(l) Cd2+(aq) + X(aq) Equation 2 Ionization of mercury HgX(l) Hg2+(aq) + X(aq) Equation 3 Ionization of lead PbX(l) Pb2+(aq) + X(aq) Equation 4 Ionization of cobalt compounds CoX(s) Co2+(aq) + X(aq) Equation 5 Based on the experiment above, in experiment for testing the presence of cadmium, only red and yellow paint shows formation of yellow precipitate which is insoluble in water at the end of the experiment. The precipitate is actually cadmium sulfide which formed result of the reaction of cadmium ion in the paint with thioacetamide solution. Yellow precipitate also formed in experiment of confirmatory test for lead in white and green paint of both brand. The precipitate formed, lead (II) chromate, Pb2Cr2O4 was results of the reaction between lead ion, Pb2+ and potassium chromate, K2Cr2O4. Pb2+(aq) + Cr2O4 2- (l) Pb2Cr2O4(s) Equation 6 In experiment for confirmatory test for the presence of cobalt ion, Co2+ and mercury, Hg2+ there are no any precipitate formed. However, both brand of yellow paint shows changes when the solution change colour to slightly blue in test for cobalt ion at the end of the experiment. The changes of colour shows that [Co(NCS)4]2- which is blue in colour. Co2+ (aq) + KNCS( l) [Co(NCS)4]2- Equation 7 Despite of the result shows above, in experiment of confirmatory test for mercury, Hg2+ was the only experiment that shows no changes neither in colour nor formation of precipitate. Theoretically, mercury present in black paint and at the end of the experiment, a grayish precipitate should be formed indicating the presence of Hg2+ ion[6]. This will further explain under evaluation on why the result appears no change at all. 8. CONCLUSIONS AND EVALUATION 8.1 Conclusions Based on the experiment above, in all experiment of confirmatory test of all heavy metals ions, when mass of precipitate formed increases, then the level of toxicity in percentage of that paint is high. Therefore, hypothesis made for this experiment earlier is accepted. In experiment A, confirmatory test for cadmium ion, the mass of precipitate formed for red and yellow paint of NIPPON paint is 0.2 g and 0.1 g respectively. So, this makes the level of toxicity in percentage of cadmium in red and yellow paint is 200% and 100%. However, the red and yellow paint of JOHTUN paint has 0.3 g and 0.1 g of precipitate formed which makes the level of toxicity of 300% and 100% respectively. So, comparing of the level of toxicity between both brand, it shows that red NIPPON paint has higher level of toxicity of cadmium than in red JOHTUN paint but has equal level of toxicity in yellow paint of both brand. For experiment B, about confirmatory test for mercury ions, there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. So, it is concluded that there are no mercury ions present in both NIPPON and JOHTUN paint making both paint free of toxicity of mercury. Meanwhile, for experiment C, in confirmatory test for lead ions, precipitate formed in green and white paint of both NIPPON and JOHTUN paint. The mass of precipitate are 0.2 g with percentage of 200% for green paint and 0.4 g with percentage 400% for white paint of NIPPON paint. At the same time, in green JOHTUN paint, 0.1 g of precipitate formed with 100% and 0.2 g of precipitate formed in white paint with 200%. So, both green and white of NIPPON paint has higher level of toxicity compared to JOHTUN paint. For the last experiment, confirmatory test of cobalt ions in experiment D, 0.4 g of precipitate formed in yellow NIPPON paint while in JOHTUN paint, only 0.1 g of precipitate is formed. So, the level of toxicity of cobalt ion in NIPPON paint with 400% is much higher than in JOHTUN paint with 100%. Overall, after analyzing and comparing of level of toxicity between NIPPON paint and JOHTUN paint, we can conclude that although the level of toxicity in both paint is very high, considering the percentage exceeds 100%, NIPPON paint has higher level of toxicity than in JOHTUN paint. So, both paint should be avoid to use widely as people will have very high risk in expose to high level of toxicity in NIPPON and JOHTUN paint. 8.2 Evaluations Although above experiments achieved the significance of this investigation, there are few limitations should be considered and can be improvise in order to get much more accurate results in future experiments. Firstly, in experiment A, confirmatory test for cadmium ions, it was hard to differentiate between yellow precipitate formed and yellow paint sediment when testing yellow paint sample. This is because, the yellow precipitate might be mixed together with yellow sediment at the end of the experiment. As a result, when it is weighed using with an electronic balance, the data might be the mass of mixture of the yellow precipitate together with yellow sediment instead of the mass of yellow precipitate as expected in this experiment. Therefore, in the future, right after the yellow paint is diluted, and dissolves completely in the distilled water, the yellow sediment is filtered out using filter funnel. Then only the experiment could be continue adding chemical solutions to test the presence of cadmium ions. Besides that, in experiment B, testing on the presence of mercury ions, there are no data obtained at the end of the experiment as all sample shows no change at all; neither in change of colour nor formation of precipitate. Theoretically, mercury ions, Hg2+ should be present in black paint. However, in his experiment, because of the complex chemical composition in paint, where the black paint usually made up of vermillion which contains mercury in it, so it might impossible to assume that Hg2+ could be extracted just by dissolving the paint in distilled water. Therefore, I believed that it is not advisable in doing further experiments in testing the presence of mercury ions. This is because, the experiment might be possible to be done by using more advance technologies and other chemical solutions. Other than that, the chemical reaction happen with precipitates formed significantly at the end of experiments, happens very slowly. The precipitates could only be obtained and measured using electronic balance after a day. Therefore, the experiments could be much faster if the mixture of paint sample and chemical solutions heated using a Bunsen burner. This is because when heat energy is apply on the mixture, it could increase the rate of collision of particles in the mixture causing more effective collision that cause reaction to happen. As a result, the rate of chemical reaction of heavy metal ions in this experiment would become much faster. 9. Further Research The data obtained from this experiment is important in order as guideline for all people when using paint in their households. Heavy metals are widely used by paint manufacturer to continuously making paint pigments without really considering the bad effect especially to peoples health if they been exposed to them for too long. Therefore it is important for all people to know the level of heavy metals present in the paint that they bought so that safety precautions can be taken seriously. Besides that, when the paint is applied on the wall, the smell or the odor of the paint is believed to have heavy metals ion which has been oxidized into thin air which could be inhale and would probably damage body system. Therefore, a research could be done how far this theory is true by doing experiments on presence of heavy metals in thin air when paint is applied. If this theory is proven true, then people all around the world should be alert about how paint that they used may cause cancer or skin diseases if they are exposed to the paint for a long time. Other than that, in these experiments only four heavy metals are investigated. Actually, there are many other types of paints which highly toxic because of the use of different heavy metals in the pigment. For example, barium yellow paint contains barium and chromates, Kings yellow paint contains arsenic, Emerald green paints contains arsenite, Lithopone paint which contains zinc sulfide and antimony black paint contains antimony sulfide and many more. I would suggest further experiments can be carried out in order to determine the level of these toxicity in other brands of paints which are widely used nowadays. APPENDIX The pictures below shows the changes of colour that should be get from the experiments; A) The presence of cadmium ions B) The presence of mercury ions C) The presence of lead ion D) The presence of cobalt ions Bibliography 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint, extracted on 12th September 2009 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_resin, extracted on 12th September 2009 3. https://www.rdmoney.com/paint_glossary.htm, extracted on 12th September 2009 4. https://www.freepatentsonline.com/7041727.html, extracted on 13th September 2009 5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium, extracted on 21st September 2009 6. https://captainpackrat.com/furry/toxicity.htm, extracted on 1st October 2009 7. https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm, extracted on 1st October 2009 8. https://www.goldenpaints.com/justpaint/jp4article2.php, extracted on 1st October 2009 9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment, extracted on 15th January 2010 10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_red, extracted on 15th January 2010 11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_blue, extracted on 15th January 2010 12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_white, extracted on 15th January 2010 13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilion, extracted on 15th January 2010 14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetamide, extracted on 15th January 2010 15. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_paint, extracted on 15th January 2010 16. https://home.howstuffworks.com/latex-paint.htm, extracted on 15th January 2010 17. https://nwrenovation.com/painting-articles/the-pros-and-cons-of-latex-over-oil-based-paint/, extracted on 15th January 2010 18. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_paint, extracted on 15th January 2010 19. https://www.epa.gov/kidshometour/products/lpaint.htm , extracted on 17th January 2010 20. https://www.eggtempera.com/toxicity.html, extracted on 17th January 2010 21. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002730.htm, extracted on 17th January 2010 22. https://painterforum.com/types.html, extracted on 17th January 2010 [1] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#CdS [2] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#HgS [3] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#HgS [4] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#cobalt [5] https://www.freepatentsonline.com/7041727.html [6] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm [7] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#CdS https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#HgS https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#CdS https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#cobalt
Company is an association - Free Essay Example
 A company is an association of a number of persons, formed for some common purpose and registered according to the law relating to companies. Section 3(1)(i) of the Companies Act, 1956 states that a company means, a company formed and registered under this Act or an existing company. According to Lord Justice Lindley, By a company is meant an association of many persons who contribute money or moneys worth to a common stock and employ it for a common purpose. The common stock so contributed is denoted in money and is the capital of the company. The person who contribute it or to whom it belongs are members. The proportion of capital to which each member is entitled is his share. A company, formed and registered under the Company Act, is regarded by law as a single person, having specified rights and obligations. The law confers on a company a distinct legal personality, with perpetual succession and a common seal. Objective of this paper The objective of this paper is to grasp, assimilate and comprehend the application of the Corporate Business Law being practiced and its impact on day to day operations of the Business in respect of the Contract act. In this paper we will discuss how to start a new public bank limited company hypothetically specifying its name, registration procedure in detail, the objectives, and legal formalities of the forming a company. According to the nature of the business, we will also have to make an offer and enter into different contracts with any 2 other groups  through invitation following all the essential elements as stipulated under the contract act 1872. The Essential steps for the formation of a company Before a company can be formed the following steps must be taken: The Memo and the Article must be prepared. These two documents must be filed when the application is made for the registration and incorporation of the company. The Companies Act lays down rules regarding the preparation of the memorandum. Schedule I to the Act of 1956 contains four model forms for use in different cases. If it is proposed to have a paid up capital of more than Rs 3 crores, sanction of the central Government must be obtained under the capital issue (Control) Act, 1956. If the company to be formed intends to participate in an industry which is included in the scheduled annexed to the industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951, a license must be obtained under the Act. The company must be registered in accordance with the provision of the companies Act , 1956 and a certificate of incorporation must be obtained. The prospectus or the statement in lieu of prospectus must be issued and registered with the registrar. The minimum subscription must be raised and therefore the allotment of shares must be made. The certificate for the commencement of business must be obtained from the Registrar. Procedure of Registration For the registration of a company, the following documents, together with the necessary fees, must be submitted to the registrar of companies of the state in which the registered office of the company will be situated-Sec 33. 1. Memorandum of Association, prepared in accordance with provision of the Companies Act, and signed by the least 7 persons in the case of public companies and 2 persons in the case of private companies. 2. The Articles of Association, in case of unlimited companies, companies limited by guarantee and private companies limited by shares. 3. A declaration by any of the following persons, stating that all the requirements of the act have been compiled with an advocate, an attorney a pleader, a chartered accountant, or a person named in the articles as director, manager, or secretary of the company. 4. The duly signed list of persons have consented to be directors of the company, their consent in writing and the s igned agreement with every such director to take the number of shares required to qualify as directors of the company. These are not required in the case of private companies and the companies not having a share capital. 5. The registration fees of a company is fixed on the graduated scale on the amount of nominal capital or the number of members. There is also a filing fee per document. If the Registrar is satisfied that all the required documents of the act have been compiled with, he will register the company and issue a certificate called the Certificate of Incorporation. Formation Of Company Formation of company Alternate Power Generation Power supply generation system For the forming a company for Alternate Power Generation Power supply generation system following documents has to submit to Magistrate of Company. * Name of the company 1. RATAB Alternate Power Generation LTD 2. RATAB LTD 3. RATAB India LTD 4. RATAB Gandhi LTD 5. RATAB Bharat LTD 6. RATAB Nehru LTD * Memorandum Of Association * Article Of Association  · Form 1A FORM NO. 1A Registration No. of Company 123456.                          Nominal Capital : Rs. 100 Crore. THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 Declaration of compliance with the requirements of the Companies Act, 1956 on application for registration of a company [Pursuant to section 33(2)] Name of Company             RATAB Alternate Power Generation Limited Presented by ..Mr. Santosh Kumar, Mr. Adish Jain, Mr. Rakesh Verma, Mr. Vipul Verma I, Âà ‚                                            of                                                      do solemnly and sincerely Declare that I am Santosh Kumar             who is engaged in the formation of the company, or a person Named in the articles as a director/manager/secretary of the Limited/Private Limited. And that all the requirements of the Companies Act, 1956, and the rules there under in respect of matters precedent to the registration of the said company and incidental thereto have been complied with. And make this solemn declaration conscientiously believing the same to be true. Date 4/12/2009 Place Phagwara                                               Ã⠀šÃ‚                                                                      Signature Witness Designation 1. An advocate of the Supreme Court of the . High Court, an attorney or a pleader entitled to appear before the High Court or a chartered accountant practising in India. 2. State whether director, manager / secretary /advocate/ chartered account.         Memorandum of Association                                 RATAB Alternate Power Generation LIMITED                                 (PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES)                                        (As Amended up to November 2009) Name Clause: Company is registered by name RATAB Alternate Power Generation LTD Registered office Clause: Company Registered office is at Model Town, Phagwara Object Clause: Main objects: Manufacturing Alternate Power Generation system Area of operation: Punjab, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, New Delhi, Himachal Pradesh Liability Clause: Limited by Share Capital Clause: Rs 100,00,00,000(Rupees One Hundred Crore Only.) Association Clause: We, the several person whose name ,address are subscribed are desirous of being formed a company in pursuance of this Memorandum Of Association and we respectively agrees to take number of shares in the capital of the company set opposite our respective names.                            Signed                                                               Witnessed Mr. Santosh Kumar                                                          Mr. S.P. Jain Mr. Adish Jain                                                                  Mr. V.K. Kumar Mr. Rakesh Verma                                                           Mr. B.D. Singh Mr. Vipul Verma                                                               Mr. S.U. Jain Mr. Bhhupinder Singh                                                      Mr. S.K. Arora Mr. Ravinder Singh                                                          Mr. V.S. Abrol                    ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION                                 RATAB Alternate Power Generation LIMITED                               (PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES)                                        (As Amended up to November 2009) ARTICLE 1 In the interpretation of these Articles, the following expressions shall have the following meanings, unless there be in the subject or context anything inconsistent or repugnant thereto: The Act or the said Act The Act or the said Act means The Companies Act, 1956, as amended from time to time. The Articles means these Articles of Association as originally framed and as amended from time to time. The Board or the Board of Directors means a meeting of the Directors duly called and constituted or as the case may be, the Directors assembled at a Board, or the requisite number of Directors entitled to pass a circular resolution in accordance with the Act. Capital means the Share Capital for the time being raised or authorised to be raised for the purpose of the Company. The Chairman means the Chairman of the Board of Directors for the time being of the Company. Company or This Company means RATAB Alternate Power Generation   Limited. Directors means the Directors for the time being of the Company and includes persons occupying the position of directors by whatever name called or as the case may be, Directors assembled at a Board Meeting. Dividend includes bonus shares. Executor or Administrator means a person who has obtained probate or letters of Administration, as the case may be, from some competent court. Words imparting masculine gender shall be deemed to include the feminine gender. Government means the Central Government in the Department of Atomic Energy or any other Department or Wing of the Central Government. Government Corporation means (i) a corporation established by the government under any law in force for the time being and (ii) a Government company as defined in the Act. The marginal notes in an Article shall not affect the construction of the Article. Month means a calendar month. The Office means the Registered Office for the time being of the Company. Words imparting the singular number shall also be deemed to include plural number and vice- versa. ARTICLE 2: The Regulations contained in Table A of the First Schedule to the Act, shall not apply to the Company, except in so far as the same are repeated, or contained in, or expressly made applicable, by these Articles or by the Act. ARTICLE 3: Company to be governed by these Articles: The Regulations for the management of the Company and for the observance of the members thereof and their representatives shall, subject to any exercise of the statutory powers of the Company in reference to the repeal or alteration of or addition to its Regulations by Resolution, as prescribed or permitted by the Act, be such as are contained in these Articles. ARTICLE 4: Companys shares not to be purchased by the Company No part of the funds of the Company shall be employed directly or indirectly in the purchase of or in loans upon the security of the Companys shares. ARTICLE 5: CAPITAL AND SHARES: The authorized Share Capital of the Company is Rs.100,00,00,000/-(Rupees Hundred Crore s) divided into 10,00,000(Ten Lakh) Equity Shares of Rs. 1000/-(Rupees One Thousand) each. ARTICLE 6: Power to increase share capital: Subject to the approval of the President and subject to the provisions of the Act, the Board may, from time to time, with the sanction of the Company in a general meeting, increase the share capital by such sum to be divided into shares of such amount as the resolution shall prescribe. ARTICLE 7: Reduction of Capital:Subject to the provisions of Sections 100 to 104 of the Act and such directions as may be issued by the President in this behalf, the Company may, from time to time, by special resolution, reduce its capital by paying off capital or cancelling capital which has been lost or is unrepresented by available assets, or is superfluous, by reducing the liability on the shares or otherwise as may be expedient and capital may be paid off upon the footing that it may be called up again or otherwise and the Board may, subject to the provision s of the Act, accept surrender of the shares. ARTICLE 8:Sub-division and consolidation of sharesSubject to the approval of the President, the Company in a general meeting may from time to time, sub-divide or consolidate its shares or any of them and exercise any of the other powers conferred by section 94 of the Act and shall file with the Registrar of Companies such notice of exercise of any such powers as may be required by the Act. ARTICLE 9: Alteration of rights of holders of shares.If at any time, the capital of the Company, by reason of the issue of preference shares or otherwise, is divided into different classes of shares, all or any of the rights attached to the shares of each class may, subject to the provisions of Section 106 and 107 of the Act, be varied with the consent in writing of the holders of at least three- fourths of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a separate meeting of the holders of issued shares of that class and all the provisions hereinafter contained as to general meetings shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to every such meeting. ARTICLE 10:SHARE ALLOTMENT:Subject to the provisions of these articles and the Act and the directions of the President, the shares shall be under the control of the Board of Directors, who may allot or dispose of the same, or any of them, to such persons who apply for it in writing, upon such terms and conditions and at such times, as the Board may think fit. The Stamp duty on shares shall be paid by the allot tee , who applies for allotment of the shares. ARTICLE 11:Installments or calls on shares to be duly paid If by the conditions of allotment of any shares, the whole or part of the amount or issue price thereof shall be payable by installment. Every such installment, when due and called, shall be paid to the Company by the person who, for the time being, shall be the registered holder of the shares or by his executor or administrator. ART ICLE 12:Liability of joint-holders of sharesThe joint holders of a share shall be severally as well as jointly liable for payment of all the installments due and calls made in respect of such shares. ARTICLE 13:Who may be registered:Shares may be registered in the name of any person, company or other body corporate. Not more than four persons can be registered as joint holders of any share. ARTICLE 14:Right of Member or Debenture holders to Certificates: Every person whose name is entered as a member in the register or as debenture/bond ho lder shall, without payment, be entitled to a certificate under the Common Seal of the Company specifying the share or shares or bonds/debentures held by him and the amount paid thereon. In respect of a share or bond/debenture held jointly by several persons, the Company shall not be bound to issue more than one certificate and delivery of a certificate for a share or bond/debenture to one of the several joint holders shall be sufficient delivery to all. The bond/debenture certificates shall be issued in marketable lots and if requested, shall be split into marketable lots within two months from the date they are lodged with the Company. ARTICLE 15: Issue of new share certificate in place of worn out, defaced, lost or destroyed. If a share certificate is defaced, lost, decrepit, worn out or destroyed, it may be renewed in accordance with the Companies (Issue of Share Certificates) Rules, 1960, framed under the Act without payment of fee and on such terms, if any, as to evidence and indemnity and the payment of out-of-pocket expenses incurred by the Company in investigating such evidence as the Board may think fit. ARTICLE 16: On what condition new shares may be issued Subject to such directions as may be issued by the President in this behalf, new shares shall be issued upon such terms and conditions and with such rights and privileges annexed thereto as the general meeting resolving upon the creation wh ereof shall direct and if no direction be given, as the Board shall determine. ARTICLE 17: New shares how to be disposed of The new shares, up to the amount of the authorized capital, as originally prescribed or as a consequence of increase in capital as aforesaid, may be issued or disposed of in accordance with the provisions of Article. However, subject to the directions of the President, the new shares may be offered to the members in proportion to the existing shares held by each member and such offer shall be made by notice specifying the number of shares to which the member is entitled and limiting the time within which the offer, if not accepted, will be deemed to be declined and after the expiration of such time or on receipt of an intimation from the member to whom such notice is given that he declines to accept the shares offered, the Board may dispose of the same in such manner as they think most beneficial to the Company. ARTICLE 18: Register of Transfers: The C ompany shall keep books, to be called the Register of Transfers and therein shall be fairly and distinctly entered particulars of every transfer or transmission of any share or debentures/bonds. ARTICLE 19: BORROWING POWERS: Subject to the approval of the President and the provisions of Sections 58A, 292 and 293(1)(d) of the Act, the Board may by means of a resolution passed at a meeting of the Board from time to time, borrow from national and international financial institutions/banks or from the public or from government corporations on terms and conditions deemed appropriate and/or secure the repayment of any sum or sums of money borrowed for the purpose of the Company, provided that no approval of the president would be necessary for borrowing from banks, public sector financial institutions or from government corporations for the purpose of meeting working capital requirements on the hypothecation of the Companys current assets or otherwise. In particular, the Board may borr ow money by issue of bonds, perpetual or redeemable debentures/bonds against any mortgage, charge or other security on the property of the Company including the uncalled capital of the Company for the time being. ARTICLE 20: MEMBERS MEETINGS Annual General Meeting Annual General Meeting of the company may be convened subject to Section 166 and Section 210 of the Act by giving not less than 21 days notice in writing. Subject to the provisions of Section 171 (2) a meeting may be convened after giving a shorter notice. Extra ordinary General Meeting The Board may, whenever it thinks fit, call an Extraordinary General Meeting and it shall do so upon a requisition in writing by any Member or Members holding in the aggregate not less than one tenth of such of the paid-up capital; as at that date carried the right of voting in regard to the matter in respect of which the requisition has been made. Quorum at General Meeting: Five members present in person shall be a quorum for a General Meeting. A body corporate being a member shall be deemed to be personally present if it is represented in accordance with Section 187 of the Act. If, at the expiration of half an hour from the time appointed for holding a meeting of the Company, a quorum shall not be present, the meeting it convened by or upon the requisition of Members, shall stand dissolved, but in any other case the meeting shall stand adjourned to the same day in the next week or if that day is a public holiday until the next succeeding day which is not a public holiday at the same time and place or to such other day at such other time and place within the city or town in which the Office of the Company is situate as the Board may determine, and if at such adjourned meeting a quorum is not present at the expiration of half an hour from the time appointed for holding the meeting, the Members present shall be a quorum, and may transact, the b usiness for which the meeting was called. The Chairman (if any) of the Directors shall be entitled to take the chair at every General Meeting, whether Annual or Extraordinary. If there be no such Chairman of the Directors, or if at any meeting he shall not be present within fifteen minutes of the time appointed for holding such meeting then the members present shall elect another Director as Chairman and if no Director be present or if all Directors present decline to take the Chair, then the members present shall elect one of their members to be the Chairman. Question at General Meeting how decided At any General Meeting a resolution put to the vote of the meeting shall be decided on a show of hands unless a poll is (before or on the declaration of the result of the show of hands) demanded by a member or members present in person or by proxy and holding shares in the Company Number of votes to which member entitled Subject to the provisions of these Articles and without prejudice to any special privileges or restrictions as to voting for the time being attached to any class of shares for the time being forming part of the capital of the Company, every member, not disqualified by the last preceding Article shall be entitled to be present and to speak and vote at such meeting, and on a show of hands every member present in person shall have one vote and upon a poll the voting rights of every member whether present in person or by proxy, shall be in proportion to his share of the paid-up equity capital of the Company. ARTICLE 21: DIRECTORS Number of Directors Until otherwise determined by the company in a General Meeting and subject to the provisions of Section 252 of the Act, the number of directors (excluding Debenture Directors and Directors appointed under Article 111 hereof and Alternate Directors) shall not be less than three nor more than Eighteen. The Board may appoint, from time to time, one or more of their members to be the Managing Director or Joint Managing Director or Whole time Director or Deputy Managing Director or Manager of the Company on such terms and on such remuneration whether by way of salary or commission, or partly in one and partly in another as they may think fit Appointment of special Directors On behalf of the Company, whenever Directors enter into a contract with any Government, Central, State or Local, any Bank or Financial institution or any person or persons (hereinafter referred to as the appointer) for borrowing any money or for providing any guarantee or security or for technical collaboration or assistance or for underwriting or entering into any other arrangement whatsoever the Directors shall have, subject to the provisions of Section 255 of the Act, the power to agree that such appointer shall have right to appoint or nominate by notice in writing addressed to the Company one or more Directors on the Board for such period and upon such conditions as may be mentioned in the agreement and that such Director or Directors may not be liable to retire by rotation nor be required to hold any qualification shares. The Directors may also agree that any such Director or Directors may be removed from time to time by the appointer entitled to appoint or nominate them and the appointer may appoint another or others in his or their place and also fill in any vacancy which may occur as a result of any such Director or Directors ceasing to hold that office for any reason whatsoever. The Directors appointed or nominated under this Article shall be entitled to exercise and enjoy all or any of the rights and privileges exercised and enjoyed by the Directors of the Company including payment of remuneration and travelling expenses to such Director or Directors as may be agreed by the Company with the appointer. Removal of Directors: The Company may (subject to the provisions of Section 284 of the Act) remove any Director before the expiration of his period of office and appoint another person in his stead. ARTICLE 22: PROCEEDINGS OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS Meeting of Directors The Directors may meet together as a Board for the dispatch of business from time to time and shall so meet at least once in every three calendar months and at least four such meetings shall be held in every year. The Directors may adjourn and otherwise regulate their meetings as they may think fit. Notice of Board Meetings Notice of every meeting of the Board shall be given in writing to every Director for the time being in India and at his address in India to every other Director. Quorum Subject to Section 287 of the Act, the quorum for a meeting of the Board shall be one-third of its total strength (excluding Directors, if any, whose places may be vacant at the time. and any fraction contained in that one-third being rounded off as one), or two Directors whichever is higher. Provided that where at any time the number of interested Directors exceeds or is equal to two- thirds of the total strength, the number of the remaining Directors, that is to say, the number of the Directors who are not interested present at the meeting being not less than two, shall be the quorum during such meeting. Powers of Directors The business of the Company shall be managed by the Board of Directors, who may exercise all such powers of the Company and do all such acts and things as are not, by the Act, or any other Act or by the Memorandum or by the Articles of the Company required to be exercised by the Company in General Meeting, subject nevertheless to the Regulations of these Articles to the provisions of the Act, or any other Act and to such Regulations being not inconsistent with the aforesaid Regulations or provisions as may be prescribed by the Company in General Meeting but no Regulation made by the Company in General Meeting shall invalidate any prior act of the Board which would have been valid if that Regulation had not been made. ARTICLE 23: Division of profits The profits of the Company, subject to any special rights relating thereto created or authorized to be created by these Articles, shall be divisible among the Members in proportion to the amount of capital paid-up or credited as paid-up and to the period during the year for which the capital is paid-up on the shares held by them respectively. The Company in general meeting may declare dividends Subject to the provisions of Section 205 of the Companies Act, 1956 the Company in General Meeting may declare dividends, to be paid to its Members according to their respective rights but no dividends shall exceed the amount recommended by the Board, but the Company in General Meeting may declare a smaller dividend. Interim Dividend The Board may, from time to time, pay to the members such interim dividend as in their judgment the position of the Company justifies. Capital paid-up in advance carrying interest not to earn dividend Where capital is paid in advance of calls, such capital may carry interest but shall not be in respect thereof confer a right to dividend or participate in profits. Dividend to be paid pro-rata Subject to the rights of persons, if any, entitled to shares with special rights as to dividends, all dividends shall be declared and paid according to the amounts paid or credited as paid on the shares in respect whereof dividend is paid. Retention of Dividends until completion of transfer under Article 62 The Board may retain the dividends payable upon shares in respect of which any person is, under Article 62 entitled to become a Member, which any person under that Article is entitled to transfer, until such person shall become a member in respect of such shares or shall duly transfer the same. ARTICLE 24: Board Report There shall be attached to every such balance sheet a report of the Board as to the state of the Companys affairs and as to the amounts, if any, which it proposes to carry to any reserves in such balance sheet and the amount, if any, which it recommends should be paid by way of dividend; and material changes and commitments, if any, affecting the financial position of the Company which have occurred between the end of the financial year of the company to which the balance sheet relates and the date of the report. The Boards report shall so far as is material for the appreciation of the state of the Companys affairs by its members and will not in the Boards opinion be harmful to the business of the company or any of its subsidiaries, deal with any changes which have occurred during the financial year in the nature of the Companys business, in the Companys subsidiaries or in the nature of the business carried on by them and generally in the classes of business in which the company ha s an interest and any other information as may be required by Section 217 of the Act. The Board shall also give the fullest information and explanations in its report aforesaid or in an addendum to that report, on every reservation, qualification or adverse remark contained in the auditors report. The Boards report and any addendum thereto shall be signed by its Chairman if he is authorized in that behalf by the Board; and when he is not so authorised, shall be signed by not less than two Directors. ARTICLE 25: WINDING UP Distribution of Assets The Liquidator on any winding up (whether voluntary and supervision or compulsory) may with the sanction of a Special Resolution, but subject to the rights attached to any preference share capital, divide among the contributories in specie any part of the assets of the Company and may, with the like sanction, vest any part of the assets of the Company in trustees upon such trusts for the benefit of the contributors, as the liquidator, with the like sanction shall think fit. ARTICLE 26: The Seal of the Company. (a) The Board of Directors shall provide a Common Seal for the Company and shall have power from time to time to destroy the same and substitute a new Seal in lieu thereof. The Board of Directors shall provide for the safe custody of the Seal. Affixation of Seal. (b) The Seal of the Company shall not be affixed to any instrument except by the authority of a resolution of the Board or of a Committee of the Board authorized by it in that behalf and except in the presence of atleast two Directors and of the Secretary or such other person(s) as the Board may appoint for the purpose, and those two Directors or such other person(s) as aforesaid shall sign every instrument to which the Seal of the Company is so affixed in their presence. The Director(s) may however, sign a share or bond/debenture certificate by affixing his/their signature(s) thereon by means of a machine, equipment or other mechanical means such as engraving in metal or lithography, but not by means of a rubber stamp, provided that such Director(s) shall be responsible for the safe custody of such machine, equipment or other metal used for the purpose. Registration with the Registrar of Companies to get Company incorporated 1. Selection of a name: We have to select, in order of preference, at least one suitable name upto a maximum of six names, indicative of the main objects of the company. The following are the names which we want to name our bank: RATAB Alternate Power Generation LTD RATAB LTD RATAB India LTD RATAB Gandhi LTD RATAB Bharat LTD RATAB Nehru LTD We have to ensure that the name does not resemble the name of any other already registered bank or company and also does not violate the provisions of emblems and names (Prevention of Improper Use Act, 1950) by availing the services of checking name availability on the portal. 2. APPLICATION OF THE NAME: We have to apply to the concerned RoC to ascertain the availability of name in eForm1 A [Pursuant to sections 20 and 21 of the Companies Act, 1956] by logging in to the portal. A fee of Rs. 500/- has to be paid alongside and the digital signature of the applicant proposing the company has to be attached in the form. If proposed name is not available, the user has apply for a fresh name on the same application. Form 1A is attached and filled. 3. GRANTING OF THE NAME BY THE R.O.C.: The first name, i.e. RATAB Alternate Power Generation LTD is assumed to have been selected and the letter of incorporation has been received. 4. FILLING OF THE FORM TO GET THE COMPANY REGISTERED: The form is filled giving the following information: A. The application is for incorporating of a new company, RATAB Alternate Power Generation LTD. B. The proposed company is a Public company. C. The Category of the Proposed Company is a company limited by shares. D. The company is having Share Capital. E. The company will be registered in the state of Punjab F. The number of promoters is 7. Mr. Santosh Kumar Mr. Adish Jain Mr. Rakesh Verma Mr. Vipul Verma Mr. Raman Jain Mr. Bhupinder Singh Mr. Ravinder Singh G. The main object of the company is Manufacturing a Alternate Power Generation H. Proposed authorized capital is Rs 100,00,00,000 (One Hundred Crore Only) Along with the form we have to arrange for the drafting of the memorandum and articles of association by the solicitors, vetting of the same by RoC and printing of the same. The memorandum and article must be arranged for stamping of the memorandum and articles with the appropriate stamp duty. We have to get the Memorandum and the Articles signed by at least two subscribers in own hand, fathers name, occupation, address and the number of shares subscribed for and witnessed by at least one person. We have to ensure that the Memorandum and Article is dated on a date after the date of stamping. Login to the portal and fill the following forms and attach the mandatory documents listed in the eForm. Declaration of compliance-Form-1 Notice of situation of registered office of the company-Form-18. Particulars of the Directors, Manager or Secretary Form-32. We have to submit the following eForms after attaching the digital signature, pay the requisite filing and registration f ees and send the physical copy of Memorandum and Article of Association to the ROC. After processing of the Form is complete and Corporate Identity is generated obtain Certificate of Incorporation from ROC. Additional steps to be taken for formation of a Public Limited Company: To obtain Commencement of Business Certificate after incorporation of the company the public company has to make following compliance File a declaration in eForm 20 and attach the statement in lieu of the prospectus (schedule III) OR File a declaration in eForm 19 and attach the prospectus (Schedule II) to it. Obtain the Certificate of Commencement of Business. RERGISTRAR OF COMPANIES CERTIFICATE OF COMMENCEMENT OF BUSINESS This is to certify that The RATAB Alternate Power Generation LTD filed for incorporation was granted on the 30th November 2009. This proved that the company has performed all the requirements and fulfilled the legal procedures of the incorporation of the company and all the documents were found legal and satisfactory. From this day forward the company is capable of undertaking its normal business operation. Signed Registrar of Company Dated: PROSPECTUS The RATAB Alternate Power Generation LTD, a company with its authorized capital of 100 Crore Rupees, head office in Phagwara, and planning to operate in the major states of India especially in the urban area not only to big cities but also upcoming and growing cities of different states, to provide alternate power generation system such as solar panels, wind mills etc and also to inspire people to generate electricity by going a population friendly. This prospectus is an invitation to the public, whoever wants to invest in the company in the forms of shares. The share of the company is at a very reasonable price of only Rs 10.00 (Ten Rupees only) per share, in which everyone can easily invest in it. The Company is selling its shares at a low price mainly to inspire people to invest, and with a view to make people more aware especially the lower income group to invest in the shares of the company. Forms To Be Submitted FORM NO. 18 Registration No. of the Company                                                     Nominal Capital: Rs THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 Notice of the situation/change of situation of registered office [pursuant to section 146] Name of the company Notice is hereby given that - 1. (a)             the registered office of the company is situated                  Ã⠀šÃ‚               .with effect from                                                     Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â [date] (b)             The situation of the registered office of the company of was changed from                             to                                        with effect from                                       . Â Â Â Â Â Â Â à ‚ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â [date] 2. Situation of registered office falls under the jurisdiction of                                        Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â (name of the police station).* Dated thisÂ Â Â Â Â Â à ‚ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Day of                           19 Signature Name (In Block Capitals) Designation *State address of nearest police station with district and tehsil. FORM NO 29 Registration No. of CompanyNominal Capital Rs THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 Consent to act as director of a company and/or undertaking to take and pay for qualification shares [pursuant to section 264(2)/266(I)(a) and 266(1)(b)(iii)] Name of company. Limited Presented by To the Registrar of Companies .. I, the undersigned, hereby testify my consent to act as director of the.. Limited, .. Pursuant to section 264(2)/266(1)(a) of the Companies Act, 1956 and certify that I have not been disqualified to act as a director under sections 267 and/or 274 of the Companies Act, 1956. I, the undersigned having consented to act as director of the Limited, also hereby undertake to take from the said company and pay for .. shares of Rs. .. each, being the number/value of the shares prescribed as the qualification shares for the office of director of the said company. Name and surname in full and fathers names Address Occupation Date of birth Nationality Signature 1 2 3 4 5 6 Signature Designation Dated the day of .. 19 Notes: (1) Delete the portion not applicable. (2) If a director signs through his agent authorised in writing, the authority must be produced                before the Registrar. (3) In case of undertaking to take and pay for qualification shares, the from should be                accompanied by the necessary stamp duty.                                    FORM NO. 32 Registration No. of Company Nom inal Capital Rs. THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 Particulars of appointment of directors and manager and changes among them [Pursuant to section 303(2)] Name of Company ..Presented by Note : If a company has no particulars to be included in one or two of the headings A B and C the parts containing those headings (in respect of which the company has no particulars to be included) need not be filed. A. Appointment of and changes among directors. Name or names and surname in full Fathers/ husbands name Usual residential address Nationality Date of appointment or change Brief particulars of changes 1 2 3 4 5 6 Notes: (1) A note of changes should be made in column 6 e.g. by inserting against the name of new director, etc. the words in place of and by indicating against the name of the former director, the cause for the change, e.g. by death, resignation, retirement by rotation, disqualification etc.            (2) In case of managing director, his designation should be stated with his name   in columan1. C.     Appointment of and changes in manager ship and secretary ship. Name or names and surname in full Fathers/ husbands name Usual residential address Nationality Date of appointment or change Brief particulars of changes                    Formation Of Contract AGREEMENT LETTER OF OFFER This is the letter offer for the SRS Electrical Goods for the dealing of complete Electrical Goods (Fan, Tube, A.C., wire) for the completion of the company. The RATAB Alternate Power Generation LTD want to a agreement with you worth Rs. 1,00,000,00. If your company are agree then please give us a letter of acceptance. Adish jain                                                                       ƚ                         Saurabh Vinaik Managing Director                                                                               Managing Director RATAB A lternate Power Generation                                 SRS Electrical Goods Ltd. LETTER OF ACCEPTANCE This letter issues for RATAB Alternate Power Generation LTD for the acceptance of the agrrement dealing letter for the Rs.1,00,000,00 by SRS Electrical Goods Ltd. Company. The agreement declears to the deal in once time for the use of all materials of electrical goods for the completion of the RATAB Alternate Power Generation Ltd. Saurabh Vinaik                                                                      ƚ                           Adish Jain Managing Director                                                                                Manag ing Director SRS Electrical Goods Ltd.                               RATAB Alternate Power Generation AGREEMENT LETTER This is the agreement letter for the both companies RATAB Alternate Power Generation LTD and SRS Electrical Goods Ltd. for the duration of the completion for the company RATAB Alternate Power Generation Ltd. by the company SRS Electrical Goods Ltd. So both company are agree to this agreement that SRS Electrical Goods Ltd. will give the electrical goods for the completion of the company. Adish Jain                                                                  Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Saurabh Vinaik Managing Director                                                                            Ã⠀šÃ‚   Managing Director RATAB Alternate Power Generation Ltd.                        SRS Electrical Goods Ltd.
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)